Weighing and recording scale.



4 Sheets-Sheet l,

m: Nonms Firms co.. Pnorcmlwo., WASHINGTON. n. c.

(No Model.)

No. 655,966. Patented Aug. I4, |900.

R. P. FELTON.

WEIGHING AND RECORDING SCALE.

(Application filed Feb. 3, 1900.) (Nn Model.) 4 Sheets-Sheet 2.

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H15 ATTORN EVS.

w: Nonms PETERS co, PHOTO-uwe.. wAsHlNscN. u, c.

Patented Aug. I4, |900.

No. 655,966. l

R. P. FELTON.

WEIGHING AND RECORDING SCALE.

(Application fxled Feb. 3, 1900,) (No Model) 4 Sheets-Sheet 3,

/Lfo \Nv5N-ror= Rm H R FELTON H16 ATTORNES.

Tn: Nonms PETERS cu. PHoroLxTHov. wAsruNGToN. n, c.

No. 655,966. Patented Aug. I4, |900. R. P. FELTUN.

WEIGHING AND RECORDING SCALE. (Application filed Feb. 3, 1900.)

(No Model.)

4 Sheets-Sheet 4.

l ALPH P. FELITON "1' "f www HIS ATTOYNEY TH: Nbnms PETERS n0..Puncnrmo.. wAsmNuroN. D. c,

Titres UNITE- FATENT Ormea.

weist-unc AND RECORDING SCALE.

SPECIFIOATION forming part of Letters Patent No. 655,966, dated August14, 1900. Application tiled February 3, 1900. Serial No. 35763; KNOmodel.)

To all wtont it may concern:

Be it known that l, RALPH P. FnLToN, of the city of Minneapolis,`countyof Hennepin, State of Minnesota, have invented certain new and usefulImprovements in Weighing and Recording Scales, of which the following isa specification.

The invention relates to weighing and registering scalesdesigned'particularly for use in connection with railwayvcoalingstations.

The objects of the invention are, first, to provide a scale having ahopper of large capacity from which any desired quantity of the coal orother material therein may be withdrawn whenever desired and means inconnection therewith for ascertaining the weight of the materialwithdrawn; second, to provide-means for indicating the total Weight ofthe material in the hopper when full and the weight of the material leftin the hopper after each successive withdrawal; third, to provide meansfor making a permanent record of the total weight of each withdrawal,and, fourth, to provide improved means for transmitting the motionof'the scale-levers to the indicating mechanism,

whereby unnecessary'friction is avoided and more accurate resultsattained.

The invention consists generally in various constructions andcombinations, all as hereinafter described, and particularly' pointedout in the claims.

In the accompanying drawings, forming part of this specification, Figure1 is a front elevation of a weighing-scale and hopper embodying myinvention. Fig. 2 is avertical .section of the same on the line @om ofFig. l.`

Fig. 3 vis a horizontal section showing the arrangement of thescale-levers andthe mechanism for transmitting their motion to theindicating device. Fig. 4 is a front view of the indicating-dial- Fig. 5is a vertical section of the same. Fig. 6 is a detail view showing themechanism for elevating the inner ends of the scale-levers to relievethe scale-spring.A Fig. 7 is a detailshowingthe manner of supporting thescale-spring upon one of the scale-levers. Fig. S shows a modified meansfor supporting the scale-spring and connecting it with the mechanism foroperating the indicator. Fig. 9 is 'an' end view of Fig. 8, thescale-spri ng being omitted.

In the drawings, 2 represents a frame wherein the weighingnscale andhopper are supported at a suitable height above the track to permit coalto be discharged by gravity from the hopper into a locomotivetenderbeneath.

3 represents a series of brackets, preferably three in number, bolted tothe frame, each having knife-edge bearings 4, whereon bearing-blocks 5,provided at the outer ends of scale-levers G,- 7, and 8, are pivotallysupported. I also provide knife-edge bearings 9 on said levers for theforked lower ends of castings 10, provided beneath I-beams 11 and l2,which support the hopper 13. The hopper `is provided with a bottominclined from back to front and with discharge-openings 14 in its frontwall, that are closed When the hopper is filled with coal byvertically-movable gates 15 or in any other suitable way. The hopper isvertically movable on its supports between the timbers of the frameworkand is adapted to contain a large quantity of coal, preferably aboutforty tons. The scale-levers 6, 7, and S are independently pivoted insubstantially the same horizontal plane and, as shown in Fig. 3, radiatefrom a common point,

and above them I provide a fourth scale-lever 16, having a knife-edgebearing 17, adjustable in a slot 18 in said lever by means of set-screws19, which permits the scale-levers to be easily and accurately adjustedand the scale balanced when it is set up. Upon a cross-timber 2O beneaththe hopper are I- beams 2l and 22, and on the I-beam 2l are links 25,having split upper ends connected byV bolts 24 and supporting theknife-edge bearings 17 in their lower ends. The lever 16 is thus pivotednear its inner end, and in order that the inner ends of the levers 6, 7,and 8 may be supported and their motion transmitted without unnecessaryfriction to the lever 16 I prefer to pivot a hanger 24 on knife-edgebearings 25 inthe shortarm of the lever 16, said hanger being preferablyprovided with a series of recesses or slots arranged at intervals nearits lower end, there being as many of these slots as there arescalelevers beneath. Within these slots I pivot the loops or eyes 27 oflinks 27', in which the inner en'd's'of the levers 6, 7, and 8 arepivotally supported. The radial levers 6, 7, and

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S are of equal length and of the same leverage, and the links 27 areequidistant with respect to said levers and each other, and as saidlevers have a single support at their inner ends a weight on thescale-platform will be weighed with the same accuracy whether it be inthe middle of the platform bearing upon all of the levers or at one sideof the platform and affecting but one lever.

In order that the lever 16 and the indicating mechanism may be relievedof strain and jar from the levers beneath, as when the hopper is beingfilled, I provide means for raising the inner ends of the radial levers6, 7, and 8, which consists in providing` a shaft 28, mounted inbearings 29 on the I-beams 2l and 22 and provided with an eccentric 30Within an eccentric-strap 31. Said strap is provided with flanges 32,and rods 33, 34, and 35 connect said flanges with the corners of atriangular plate 36, arranged beneath the inner ends of the radiallevers. The plate 36 is normally out of contact with said levers; butwhen for any purpose it is desired to relieve the lever 16 of its loadthe operator, grasping a lever 37 on the shaft 2S, may operate theeccentric and move the plate 36 into contact with the radialscale-levers and elevate their inner ends.

Near the outer end of the scale-lever 16 l 4provide a cup 38, having aball-and-socket bearing 39 on said lever, and in said cup I arrange oneend of a heavy coil-spring 40, whose opposite end tits Within a socketin a similar inverted cup 41, that is held rigidly against lateral andvertical movement by an arched brace-rod 42, secured to a cross-timberof the frame. The cup 41 and spring are braced further by a plate 43 androds 44, secured to a bracket 44. From the above description it followsthat a slight depression or movement of the inner end of the radiallevers 6, 7, and S will be considerably multiplied through the medium ofthe lever 16 to compress the spring 40, supported on the long arm ofsaid lever. The radial levers may be of any suitable length, and Iprefer to pivot them so that their arms, respectively, will be in theratio of seven to one. The arms of the lever 16 being in the ratio ofnine to one, it follows that one pound at the spring will balancesixty-three pounds on the scale. To transmit the motion of the lever 16to a vsuitable indicating device, I prefer to provide a curved socket 45in its end near the scale-spring 40 and secure therein one end of acable 46 by any suitable means permitting the adjustment of the cable. Ialso provide an indicator-lever 4S, having its pivot supported uponadjustable centering-screws 46', the short a rm of said lever beingprovided with a curved end surface and the lug 49, to which the lowerend ofthe cable 46 is secured. This lug is arranged on the under side ofthe lever-arm, so thatthrough the entire stroke of the indicator-leverand lever 16 the pull or strain of the cable thereon will be exerted ona tangent to the arcs of circles whose centers are the lever-pivots,thus insuring a uniform leverago on the indicating mechanism throughoutthe entire stroke or travel of the scale and indicator levers. I alsoprefer to provide the short arm of the lever 4S with a counterweight 50,suspended upon an adjustable cable 5l, also tangentially attached to theshort arm of the indicator-lever, by means of which the indicator leverand hand are returned to their normal position when the scale isrclieved of its load.

In Figs. S and 9 I have shown the scalespring arranged on the under sideof a crosstimber on the frame and supported upon a plate 46, that isconnected by rods 46 with a similar plate 47 between the scale-lever 16and the indicator-lever. One end of the cable 47 is connected to thelever 16 and its other end extends through a hole in the plate 47/ andis connected to an eyebolt 4S on the under side of said plate. A secondcable 48 is connected at one end to said eyebolt and its opposite end issecured within a socket in theindicator-lever. 'Ihe motion of thescalelevers is thus transmitted through the rods 46l to the spring andthrough the indicatorlever to the registering mechanism. The long arm ofthe lever 48 is provided with a segmental gear 52, engaging the teeth ofa pinion 53, on a shaft 54, that is supported upon antifriction-bearings55, mounted upon standards 56, arranged beneath the front of the hopper.Upon the shaft 54 I provide a hub 57, having a disk or plate 58, whereonis securedalarge dial 59, graduated, preferably, to indicate tons andfractions of tons from one to ten. A threaded stud is provided on theouter end of the shaft 54 to receive the hub of an indicator-hand 61,secured thereon by a nut 62. On the lower side of the dial a star-wheel63 is mounted and adapted to be engaged and partially rotated by theengagement ofa pin 64 on the indicator when it has nearly completed itsrevolution. A Wheel may be provided having any desired number of points;but I prefer to employ one having four and adjust the pin 64 to advancethe wheel one-quarter of a revolution for each complete revolution ofthe indicator. As the dial is graduated to indicate up to ten tons, Iprefer to place numerals on the points o1' the star-wheel after thefirst that are multiples of ten-thus, 10, 20, and 30-the sum of thegraduations on the dial and the numerals on the Wheel being forty tons,the preferred capacity of the hopper. On the iirstpoint I place azeromark, indicating,when the point is up or opposite the mark on thedial and the indicator is in the position indicated by dotted lines onthe left of said point, that the hopper is empty. As the hopper is beingfilled the indicator will move over the dial from left to right and ateach revolution will turn the star-Wheeltoward the left one step orquarter of a revolution. IVhen the indicator has made three revolutionsin this direction, the

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numeral 30 Will be opposite the mark on the dial, indicating that thirtytons have been dumped into the hopper. At the end of its fourthrevolution the indicator Will stop in the position indicated by dottedlines on the right of the star-Wheel and, pointing to the Zero-mark onthe dial, will indicate that the hopper is full or contains itscapacity, forty tons. Should coal be taken from the hopper when it isfull, the indicator, moving over the dial from right to left,will, inconnection with the star -wheel, indicate at all times the amountremaining in the hopper. Should the indicator make ahalf-revolution andstop, the operator Will know that live tons of coal have been Withdrawn,and should it make a complete revolution, indicating that ten tons havebeen taken out of the hopper, the starwheel will be moved toward t-heright onequarter of a revolution, so that the numeral i207 Will beopposite the mark on the dial, indicating, with the total of thedial-figures, thirty tons, or the amount of coal remaining in thehopper.

It is desirable to provide some means for making a permanent record ofthe number of tons and fractions of tons Withdrawn from the hopper eachtime a locomotive is coaled. I therefore provide a small disk 65 underthe dial 59, said disk being of Wood, soft rubber, or other suitablematerial and centrally mounted on a holloW stud 66, secured on a shaft67, that is supported in bearings in a hanger 68, secured to the timberWhereon the indicating mechanism is. supported. Antifriction Wheels orbearings 69 for said shaft are provided in the hanger 68. A pulley 70 isprovided on said shaft, over which a belt of suitable material passes toa similar pulley 7l on the shaft 54:, permitting the tWo shafts to bedriven at the same speed. Upon the disk 65 I arrange a small removabledialsheet 72, preferably of bristol-board or heavy paper, having aradial slot 73, permitting it to be easily mounted on or removed fromthe stud 66. The face of said dial-sheet is graduated to represent tonsand fractions of tons from one up to and including ten, said graduationsrunning from the right toward the left in an opposite direction fromthose on the large dial 59. I have shown but one of the dial-sheets onthe stud; but I prefer to arrange them in duplicate thereon, and to holdthem in position I prefer to provide fingers 74, pivoted on said stud 66and held in yielding Contact with the surface of the sheet by springs75. The pivoted ends of the fingers 74 are rounded, preferably, and bearupon the surface of the stud 66, and when said lingers are moved out tothe position indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 5 their point ofconnection with said springs will ybe carried past the center of theirpivots and the fingers will remain in this position while the operatorremoves the sheets and places others on the stud. Upon the outer end ofthe stud G6 l provide an arm 75', that moves over the face of thedial-sheet as the stud 66 and its shaft are revolved. If coal is beingdischarged from the hopper vvand the indicator-hand on the large dialmoves to the left from lO around to 7, the arm 75 will travel in thesame direction over the dial-sheet until it reaches a point opposite thenumeral 3 thereon, indicating that three tons have been drawn out. Inorder that a permanent record of the amount withdrawn may be made on thesheet, I prefer to provide a cylinder 76 on the arm 75,connectingthesame by a duct 77 through said arm With a exible tubefitting over the opening leading to said duct and provided with anair-bulb 7b. Within the cylinder 76 I provide a piston 79, havingitsstem slidable in the end of the cylinder and provided With a prick-punch80, preferably in the form of a V, which When the operator compressesthe bulb will be forced into engagementwith the dial-sheets, formingV-shaped perforations therein opposite the graduations on the dial overwhich the arm 75 has stopped. To Withdraw the piston Within thecylinder, I provide a spring 8l on the stem and in the opposite open endof the cylinder arrange a removable plug 82.

In operation, the hopper being full of coal,

the locomotive-tender is stopped beneath the.

chute leading from the hopper,and the tender having been filled theindicator-hand 6l will, in connection with the star-Wheel, show plainlythe Weight of the coal left in the hopper. The device below the largedial Will indicate plainly the number of tons that have been dischargedinto the tender, and the operator having made a permanent record on thedial, as described, will remove the two copies from the disk, giving oneto the locomotive-engineer and retaining the other to be forwarded tothe general office for record. The railway official to Whom the sheet issent Will thus have a complete record of the amount ofv coal burned byeach locomotive, and the engineer can also keep a record, if he sodesires, from the duplicate dial-sheets in his position and be able tocheck his records With those of the general office. The figures on thelarge dial being plainly visible for a considerable distance will enablethe engineer to ascertain the amount of lcoal that is being delivered tothe tender of vhis locomotive before the dial-sheet is turned over tohim by the operator. TWhen the scale `is set up, I pret'er to adjust theindicator-hand at Zero and disregard entirely the Weight of the hopper.I am thus able to simplify the operation of Weighing, as the dial willindicate the net weight of the contents of the hopper, and the operatorwill not be obliged to figure gross and tare in ascertaining the Weightof a quantity of coal or other material.

In placing the card or dial-sheet in position over the disk theZero-point is adjusted IOO 4, ceases under the initial position of therevolving arm wherever it may be on the dial.

'Vhile lhave described the scale asused in connection with acoaling-station, it will be understood that it may be used for weighinggrain in an elevator or warehouse with equally-good results.

The advantages derived from suspending the radiating scale-levers upon asingle pivotal support will be obvious from an examination of Fig. 6 ofthe drawings, wherein, as indicated by dotted lines, the center of thepivotal hanger and the pivots at the inner ends of said levers arealways in line whether the weight on the scale be in the middle andbearing` upon all of the levers or at one side and resting upon but oneof them.

In various ways the details of the mechanism which l have hereindescribed may be modified by anyone skilled in the art, and I thereforedo not wish to be confined to the particular construction set forth.

Having thus described my invention, l claim as new and desire to secureby Letters Patent- 1. The combination,with a scale frame and platform,of a series of levers arranged beneath and supporting said platform,said levers radiating from a common point and pivotally supported neartheir outer ends, a lever 16 pivotally supported upon the scaleframe, asingle pivotal connection provided between the short arm of said lever16 and the free inner ends of said radiating levers, whereby thedepression of either lever is transmitted to said lever 16, means forelevating the inner ends of said radiating levers to relieve said lever16 of its load, a spring connected with said lever 16 and compressed bythe depression of said radiating levers, and a suitable indicatingmechanism connected with the lever 16 whereby the movement of saidradiating levers is registered, substantially as described.

2. The combination, with a scale frame and platform, of a series oflevers radiating from a common center and pivotally supported near theirouter ends whereon the scale-platform is supported, a lever 16 pivotallysuspended above said radiating levers, a hanger 24 pivoted on the shortarm thereof and provided with a series of slots corresponding in numberto said radiating levers, links pivoted in slots and connected with theinner free ends of said radiating levers, whereby downward movement ofeither lever will be transmitted to the lever 16, the centers of thepivots at each end of said links and the cen` ter of the hanger-pivotbeing always in line, whereby greater accuracy in weighing is attained,a spring provided on the long arm of said lever 16 and compressed by thedepression of said radiating' levers, an indicator, a dial and asuitable connection between said indicator and said lever 16, wherebythe movement of said levers is registered upon the dial, substantiallyas described.

a. The combination, with a scale frame and platform, of a series oflevers radiating from a common point beneath said platform, said leversbeing pivotally supported near their outer ends and pivotally supportingsaid plat-form,a lever 16 pivotally supported above said radiatinglevers, a single pivoted connection provided between the short arm ofsaid lever 16 and the long arms of said radiating levers, a shaftprovided above said lever 16, an eccentric and strap thereon, a plateprovided beneath the inner ends of said radiating levers, meansconnecting said plate and said eccentric-strap, means for revolving saidshaft to elevate said strap and the inner ends of said radiating levers,a spring provided on the long arm of said lever 16, and a suitableindicating mechanism connected with said lever, substantially asdescribed.

4. The combination, with a hopper, of piv! oted scale-levers, a sprinvcompressed by the upward movement on the long arm of one of said levers,a dial, an indicator mounted thereon, an indicator-lever for operatingsaid indicator, means connecting said indicatorlever and said long armof the scale-lever, said dial being provided with a series ofgraduations representing tous and fractions of tons, a star-wheelmounted on said dial and bearing numerals representing with thegraduations on the dial the weight of the contents of the hopper, and apin provided on said indicator and engaging said star-wheel at eachrevolution of the indicator, substantially as described.

5. The combination, with a series of pivoted scale-levers, of a hoppersupported thereon, a spring connected with said levers and adapted to becompressed by the weight of the material placed in the hopper, a dialhaving graduations on its face representing tons and fractions of tons,an indicator, a shaft whereon the indicator is mounted, means connectingsaid shaft and the long arm of one of said scale-levers, whereby themovement of said levers will move the indicator over the dial, agraduated dial-sheet provided beneath said first-named dial, anindicator thereon, means connecting said second indicator and said shaftand means provided on said second indicator for making a permanentrecord on said dial-sheet, substantially as described.

6. In a weighing-scale, the combination, with a dial having a series ofgraduations on its face representing tons and fractions of tons, of ashaft, an indicator mounted on said shaft, means connected with thescale-levers for revolving said shaft, a disk provided near said dial, aremovable dial-sheet provided on said disk, a second shaft, means fordriving it from said first-named shaft,an arm mounted on saidsecondenamed shaft and revoluble therewith over said disk and thedial-sheet thereon, and means provided on said arm for making apermanent record on said dial-sheet, substantially as described.

7; In a weighing-scale, the combination,

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l Y e c with a suitably-graduated dial, of a shaft and means connectedwith the scale-levers for rcvolving the same, an indicator mounted onsaid shaft, a star-wheel mounted on said dial and bearing numeralsrepresenting with the ,graduations on said dial the weight of thecontents of the scale-hopper, means provided on said indicator to engagesaid star-wheel at each revolution of the indicator, a disk providednear said dial, a removable dialsheet provided on said disk, an armrevoluble over said dial-sheet, a shaft whereon said arm ismounted,means for driving said last-named shaft from said rst-namedshaft, and means provided on said arm for perforating said dial-sheetopposite the graduations beneath said arm, for the purpose specified.

8. 1n a weighing-scale, the combination, with a graduated dial, of anindicator thereon, means for operating said indicator, a disk or plateprovided near said dial, a graduated dial-sheet thereon, a stud, a shaftwhereon said stud is mounted, means connecting said shaft with thedriving means of said indicator, means provided on said stud andengaging said dial-sheet, an arm mounted on said stud, a cylinderthereon, a piston provided in said cylinder, a punch provided on thestein of said piston, and means within control of the operator foroperating said piston to move said punch into engagement with thedialshee'f, substantially as described.

9. The combination, with a scale frame and platform, of a series oflevers radiating from a common center and pivotally supported near theirouter ends Whereon the scale-platform is arranged, a lever 16 pivotallysupported above said radiating levers, a hanger 24 pivoted on the shortarm of said lever 16 and provided With a series of slots correspondingin number to said radiatinglevers, links 27 pivn otally connected tosaid hanger in said slots, the inner ends of said radiatingvlevcrs beingpivotally supported in said links, the centers of the pivots at each endof said links being in line with the pivotal center of said hanger,means for elevating the inner ends of said radiating levers, a springprovided on the long arm of said lever 16 and compressed by thedepression of said radiating levers, an indicator, a dial, and asuitable connection between said indicator and said lever 16 Whereby themovement of said levers is registered upon the dial, substantially asdescribed.

10. The combination,witha scale frame and platform, of a series oflevers radiating from a 'common point beneath said platform, said leversbeing pivotally supported near their outer ends and pivotally supportingsaid platform, a lever 16 havinga slot 18, a knife-edge bearing 17 adjustably arranged in said slot, an l-beam 21, links 23 depending fromsaid I-beam and supporting said bearing 17 and said lever 16, a hanger24 pivotally connecting the short arm of said lever 16 and the long armsof said radiating levers, a spring proadapted to be compressed by theoutward movement of the same, a dial, an indicatorhand therefor, andsuitable means connect-V ing the long arm of said lever 16 and saidindicator-hand whereby the movement of said levers is registered uponthe dial, substantially as described.

1l. In a weighing-scale, the combination, with a dial having a series ofgraduations on its face representingtons and fractions of tons, anindicator mounted on said dial, means connected with the scale-leversfor revolving said indicator, a disk provided near said dial, aremovable dial-sheet provided on said disk, an arm mounted on said diskand revoluble over said dial-sheet, means connecting said arm with saidindicator, whereby it is revolved simultaneously therewith, and meansprovided on said arm for making a permanent record on said dial-sheet,substantially as described.

12. The combination,with'ascale frame and platform, of a series ofplatform-levers having their inner ends radiating from a common centerand lying in substantially the saine horizontal plane, a scale lever orbeam arranged above said platform-levers, a device pivoted on the shortarm of said scale-lever,

` independent pivoted connections provided between said device and theinner or long arms of said platform-levers, the centers of the pivots ofsaid device and said pivoted connections being always in line eventhough the weight be on one platform-lever only, whereby greateraccuracy in weighing is attained, a spring connected with the long armof said scale-lever and adapted to be compressed by the movement of thesame, and a suitable Weighing mechanism connected with said scale-lever,substantially as described.

13. The combination,with a scale frame and platform, of three leversradiating from a common center beneath said platform and pi votallysupported neartheir outer ends, a fourth lever pivotally suspended abovesaid radiating levers, a hanger device pivoted on the short arm of saidfourth lever, independent pivoted connections provided between saidhanger device and the inner or long arms of said radiating levers, thecenters of the pivots of said hanger device and said pivoted connectionsbeing always in line, whereby greater accuracy in weighing is attained,a spring connected with the long arm of said fourth lever and adapted tobe compressed by the depression of said radiating levers, and a suitableregistering device connected with said fourth lever, substantially asdescribed.

14. The combination, with a scale frame and platform, of a series oflevers radiating from a common center and pivotally supported near theirouter ends beneath said platform, a lever 16 pivotally suspended abovesaid radiating levers, a hanger pivoted on the short arm of said lever16, a series of links pivotally supported on said hanger and pivvidedonthe long arm ofsaid lever 16 and otally connected with the long armsof said ICO radiating levers there being as many links as there areradiating levers, the centers of the pivots of said hanger and saidlinks being always in line thoughthe weight on the scaleplatform be atone side of the center thereof, whereby greater accuracy in weighing isattained, a spring` connected with the long arm of said lever 16, andcompressed by Jthe depression of said radiating levers, and a suitableindicating mechanism connected with the long arm of said lever 1G,substantially as described.

l5. Thecoinbi1iation,withascaleframeand platform, of pivotedplatform-levers radiating` from a common point beneath said platform, ascale-lever pivotally supported above said platform-levers, meansconnecting the short arm of said scale -lever with the long arm of saidplatformdevers, a spring con- RALPH P. FELTON.

In presence 0f RICHARD PAUL, M. C. Noonan.

